Anemia (or Malokrovia) - a condition in which in the blood is reduced by the number of functionally full-fledged red blood cells (red blood cells). Blood consists of three types of cells: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and thrombocytees.
Content
Anemia is defined as
«Pathological decrease in erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration». Anemia
develops as a result of iron deficiency or vitamins, hemolysis (destruction) or shortening the life expectancy of erythrocytes
in the blood, in the normal amount of 4 months, Bleeding, A
Also as a result of hereditary or acquired defects or diseases.
Allocate various types of anemia, each of which has its own causes and
Treatment methods.
Iron-deficiency anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia -
The most common appearance of this state. With the deficiency of iron bone
The brain produces small pale red blood cells (t.N. microcytes) depleted
Hemoglobin. Causes of iron deficiency anemia: bad absorption of iron
organism, insufficient iron intake, pregnancy, growth racing in
adolescence or blood loss due to abundant menstruation or
Internal bleeding. The disease is especially common among women
childbearing age due to menstrual blood loss, and also because of
the growing need of the body in the gland during pregnancy
(In addition, women have less iron supply than men). Iron deficient
anemia leads to a decrease in iron concentration in red blood cells, which manifests itself in
Weakness.
Noticed,
that almost 20% of women of childbearing age suffer from iron deficiency anemia and
50% of pregnant women. Patients with iron deficiency anemia often feel cold and
Cannot warm up - Iron plays a major role in temperature regulation
body, so his deficit leads to the inability to maintain heat. Besides,
Insufficient support of oxygen tissues leads to feelings
fatigue and weakness. In patients with iron deficiency anemia pale leather, they
often suffer from shortness, dizziness and headaches. Blood tests allow
determine the level of hemoglobin, as well as iron levels of serum and
Blood-binding blood ability. Vegetarians are subject to risk of development
anemia if they do not enrich the diet of nutrition with enough
natural sources of iron - broccoli, spinach, etc.
Anemia and pregnancy
Iron deficiency during
Pregnancy often leads to the development of anemia. Therefore, it is important to pass tests on
anemia during the first prenatal examination. During pregnancy, very
It is important to use the required organism the amount of iron. As the fetus grows
The need for hardware increases. Approximately 20 weeks of pregnancy
Iron stocks in the body of a woman are exhausted. Iron deficiency is not reflected
Only on the health of the future mother, but also on the health of the child.
Anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells
This type of anemia is caused
The destruction of red blood taurus. It includes hemolytic anemia,
Auto Immitable Anemia, Sulfur Clear Anemia and Thalassemia.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Sometimes bone marrow not
copes with its task and cannot produce enough
cells, especially if the premature destruction of red blood cells occurs. This is
Condition is known as «Hemolytic anemia». Hemolytic anemia can
To be caused by many reasons - in some cases it is caused by infections or
certain drugs, such as antibiotics destroying
Erythrocytes. Stress factors may also be triggers of hemolytic anemia,
For example, a bite of a poisonous snake or insect, as well as some products.
With autoimmune hemolytic
anemia Immune system attacks red blood cells, mistakenly taking them for alien
Organisms. Hemolytic disease is observed in babies if immune
Mother's system attacks child erythrocytes. Erythrocyte destruction can also
provoke vascular grafts, artificial heart valves, tumors,
Strong burns, chemicals, high blood pressure and
Blood coagulation disorders.
Sickle-cell anemia
Sickle-cell anemia as well
caused by the destruction of red blood cells. In normal state, red blood cells have
round shape and soft consistency. Erythrocytes easily pass through the blood
vessels and deliver oxygen into all tissues of the body. Sickle cells
differ from normal red blood body by the fact that they are much tougher and
Have an irregular form. Their shape prevents them easily to advance through the blood
vessels, so they get stuck in small blood vessels, which makes it difficult
Normal blood circulation. Meanwhile, some organs (brain, heart, kidneys)
need continuous and constant blood flow.
Despite the fact that the body
Attacks and destroys these sickle cells, it cannot produce new
Cells are so fast to replace the destroyed. This leads to a decrease
Concentration of red blood cells in the blood, which, in turn, leads to anemia.
Cerpovoid cell anemia is usually caused by genetic defects or
Hereditary disease. Child, sick sickle-cell anemia,
Inherited from parents defective gene with hemoglobin.
Symptoms
Sickle-cell anemia: fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, accelerated
Heartbeat, slow motion, weakened immunity,
susceptibility to infections, pain in penis, chest pain and lowering
Fertility.
Thalassemia
Thalassemia - Heavy Form
anemia at which red blood bodies are quickly destroyed, and iron
settles in the skin and vital organs. Anemia of this type is caused by a decrease
Development of hemoglobin or disruption of the mechanism of its production. Hemoglobin -
Molecule in red blood cells. In hemoglobin contains protein chains of two
Types - alpha and beta chains. Any shortage of these chains causes a violation
Education mechanism, size and form of red blood cells.
Severe two types of thalassemia -
Alpha Thalassemia and Beta Thausamia. The form of thalassemia is determined by defective
Hemoglobin molecule in blood. Both forms of thalassemia are caused by genetic
violations, alpha-thalassemia is associated with chromosome 16, and beta-thalassemia - with
Chromosome 11. Thalassemia is inherited and caused by genetic
Violations. In essence, this is the most common genetic disease in
world. Since thalassemia is transmitted genetically, parents can pass it
Disease children. Genes, causing thalassemia, recessively inherited by
Autosome. This means that the child develops thalassemia only
case if both parents have a defective gene.
Anemia caused by blood loss
The cause of anemia can also be
Strong blood loss. A large number of erythrocytes can be lost with blood when
long or unnoticed bleeding. Such bleeding often occurs
As a result of diseases of the gastrointestinal system, such as ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis
(inflammation of the stomach) and cancer. Chronic bleeding may also occur in
case of receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, for example, aspirin
or Motina. Often blood loss due to menstruation and childbirth, especially
with abundant menstrual bleeding.
Pernicious anemia
Pernicious anemia - This
Classical manifestation of insufficiency in the body of vitamin in12.
Vitamin B12 contained in meat, milk, dairy products and
eggs. Especially sensitive to the deficit of this vitamin bone marrow and fabric
nervous system; In the absence of treatment, anemia and degeneration develop
nerves. The characteristic feature of this anemia is an education in the bone marrow instead of
conventional erythrocyte predecessor cells of abnormal large cells,
T. N. Megaloblast. In Megaloblasts, the content has been increased
cytoplasm, but underdeveloped core; they are not able to turn
in red blood cells and die in the bone marrow. On this basis
Pernicious anemia refer to the category of megaloblastic anemia. IN
1926 J.Mina and W.Murphy discovered a positive effect of extracts
liver with pernicious anemia. This is the most important observation served for
Research leading to explanation of this effect and nature itself
Diseases. It was shown that the disease is the congenital
The inability of the stomach is secreted by the substance (called internal factor),
necessary for the absorption of vitamin in12 In the intestines. Pernicious anemia is most often found
in adults and is associated with stomach atrophy. Remove a pernicious anemia
It will help the usual blood test. Salving Analysis Determines Suction
Vitamin B12 In the intestines. Vitamin B12 and
Folic acid: milk, eggs, meat, crustaceans and poultry meat.
Aplastic anemia
Aplastic
Anemia is developing as a result of the organism's inability to produce red blood cells
in sufficient quantities. With this anemia
In the bone marrow there is practically no cloth forming blood
Cells. In some cases, the cause is the impact of ionizing
radiation, such as X-ray, or toxic substances, including some
medicinal compounds; In other cases, the reason remains unexplained.
Congenital hypoplastic anemia (Fanconi syndrome) arises due to
Inexplicable bone marrow inability to produce red blood cells.
Aplastic
Anemia arises suddenly or develops gradually. Common symptoms
This type of anemia: fatigue, shortness of breath, accelerated heartbeat, pallor, rash
and Bad sorrow of cuts. Aplastic
Anemia is also inherited. If both parents are carriers
Defective gene (With congenital hypoplastic
anemia), it is possible that the disease is transmitted to children. Aplastic
Anemia is diagnosed based on the results of blood tests and bone marrow.
This is a serious illness requiring immediate antibiotic treatment.
Same
Sometimes a bone marrow transplant and blood transfusion. Patient
isolate to prevent infection and reduce symptoms of anemia.
Due to poor blood clotting patients with aplastic anemia prone to
Strong bleeding. Diseases are subject to equally and men, women,
regardless of age and nationality.
Treatment of anemia
Therapy depends on the nature of the anemia of factors.
The best results are observed with the introduction of individual missing substances,
For example, iron with iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 at
pernicious anemia and folic acid with sobra (disease,
characterized by impaired suction processes in the intestine
and accompanied by megaloblastic anemia).
Anemia caused by the decrease in the products of red blood cells and
arising from such chronic diseases as cancer, infection, arthritis,
kidney disease and hypothyroidism, often weakly expressed and does not require
Special treatment. Treatment of the main disease should have a beneficial effect
And anemia. In some cases, it is necessary to cancel drugs,
overwhelming bloodgeut, - antibiotics or other chemotherapeutic
Tools.
Blood transfusion is usually shown only
In urgent cases requiring the recovery of circulating blood
and the amount of hemoglobin, as well as in exacerbation of chronic anemia
In the absence of other medicines. With rarely encountered anemia,
The cause of which remains unexplained, sometimes help derivatives
adrenal corticosteroids and male sex hormones,
Vitamin B6 and specially treated liver extracts.
